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Haiti: Difference between revisions

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[[File:Flag of Haiti.svg.png|450px | thumb|right|alt=Image provided by Creative Commons.|]]
[[File:Flag of Haiti.svg.png|450px | thumb|right|alt=Image provided by Creative Commons.|]]
'''OVERVIEW''' <br>
'''OVERVIEW''' <br>
Generally speaking, Haiti struggles with having the reputation as the poorest country in Western hemisphere and its turmoils have been compounded in 2010 and 2016 by disastrous earthquakes and hurricanes. This has left the country in need of international aid and a devastating lack of resources. This has obviously had a dramatic effect on sexual, reproductive and women's health care needs throughout the country. Though Port-au-Prince has more civil resources available than many of the countries more rural areas, there is still undoubtedly a lot of improvement to be made in these areas. Some of the issues include the lack of availability of contraception, overpriced feminine hygiene products, lack of proper medical facilities,  unaffordable and outdated hospitals, a high rate of HIV infection and an alarming rate of sexual abuse against women<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_violence_in_Haiti</ref>. Additionally, abortion is completely illegal and there is little help from government organizations to curb the STI infection rate and lack of education on family planning.
Generally speaking, Haiti struggles with having the reputation as the poorest country in Western hemisphere and its turmoils have been compounded in 2010 and 2016 by disastrous earthquakes and hurricanes. This has left the country in need of international aid and a devastating lack of resources. This has obviously had a dramatic effect on sexual, reproductive and women's health care needs throughout the country. Though Port-au-Prince has more civil resources available than many of the countries more rural areas, there is still undoubtedly a lot of improvement to be made in these areas. Some of the issues include the lack of availability of contraception, overpriced feminine hygiene products, lack of proper medical facilities,  unaffordable and outdated hospitals, a high rate of HIV infection and an alarming rate of sexual abuse against women<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_violence_in_Haiti Sexual Violence in Haiti]</ref>. Additionally, abortion is completely illegal and there is little help from government organizations to curb the STI infection rate and lack of education on family planning.


==Contraception (Birth Control)== <!--T:2-->
==Contraception (Birth Control)== <!--T:2-->
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===Laws & Social Stigmas=== <!--T:4-->
===Laws & Social Stigmas=== <!--T:4-->
In Haiti, a staggeringly low rate of 37.8% of women between the ages of 15 and 49 report using any kind of contraception at all with an overwhelming majority of them opting for the contraceptive injection. This is the lowest rate of any Caribbean country.<ref>http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/family/trendsContraceptiveUse2015Report.pdf</ref> Because of this, it is critical that local residents who are sexually active do there best to get tested and use condoms as much as possible.
In Haiti, a staggeringly low rate of 37.8% of women between the ages of 15 and 49 report using any kind of contraception at all with an overwhelming majority of them opting for the contraceptive injection. This is the lowest rate of any Caribbean country.<ref>[http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/family/trendsContraceptiveUse2015Report.pdf Trends in Contraceptive Use 2015]</ref> Because of this, it is critical that local residents who are sexually active do there best to get tested and use condoms as much as possible.


===What to Get & Where to Get It=== <!--T:5-->
===What to Get & Where to Get It=== <!--T:5-->
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* For a comprehensive list of all available hormonal contraceptive available in the country, visit the [http://contraceptive.ippf.org/search?search.searchtext=&search.component=&search.countrycode=HT Haiti IPPF page].
* For a comprehensive list of all available hormonal contraceptive available in the country, visit the [http://contraceptive.ippf.org/search?search.searchtext=&search.component=&search.countrycode=HT Haiti IPPF page].
* '''Condoms''' can be purchased at larger retailers but more difficult to find at smaller businesses.  
* '''Condoms''' can be purchased at larger retailers but more difficult to find at smaller businesses.  
* According to the International Planned Parenthood Federation, there are over 20 types of '''hormonal contraceptive pills (birth control pills)''' available. Most that are available are phasic and combined oral pills, but there is also a wide variety of hormonal implants available. There is only one hormonal IUD available by the name of "Mirena." The contraceptive ring (Nuva Ring) does not seem to available for purchase in Haiti.<ref>http://contraceptive.ippf.org/search IPPF</ref>
* According to the International Planned Parenthood Federation, there are over 20 types of '''hormonal contraceptive pills (birth control pills)''' available. Most that are available are phasic and combined oral pills, but there is also a wide variety of hormonal implants available. There is only one hormonal IUD available by the name of "Mirena." The contraceptive ring (Nuvaring) does not seem to available for purchase in Haiti.<ref>[http://contraceptive.ippf.org/search IPPF - Haiti]</ref>
* You may be able to find '''contraceptive injectables''', like Depo-Provera SAS 150mg/ml, Mesigyna, Mesigyna Instayect and Noristerat, according to IPFF.<ref>[http://contraceptive.ippf.org/search?search.searchtext=&search.component=&search.countrycode=HT IPFF - Haiti]</ref>
* You may be able to find '''contraceptive injectables''', like Depo-Provera SAS 150mg/ml, Mesigyna, Mesigyna Instayect and Noristerat, according to IPFF.<ref>[http://contraceptive.ippf.org/search?search.searchtext=&search.component=&search.countrycode=HT IPFF - Haiti]</ref>
* You may be able to find '''contraceptive implants''', like Implanon and Jadelle, according to IPFF.<ref>[http://contraceptive.ippf.org/search?search.searchtext=&search.component=&search.countrycode=HT IPFF - Haiti]</ref>
* You may be able to find '''contraceptive implants''', like Implanon and Jadelle, according to IPFF.<ref>[http://contraceptive.ippf.org/search?search.searchtext=&search.component=&search.countrycode=HT IPFF - Haiti]</ref>
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===Laws & Social Stigmas=== <!--T:10-->
===Laws & Social Stigmas=== <!--T:10-->
The morning after pill is not widely available over the counter in Port-au-Prince. If it can be found, it is likely imported and will contain instructions in a foreign language which may render the product useless.<ref>http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/09/opinion/sunday/haitis-silenced-victims.html New York Times</ref> If you are in need of emergency contraception in Haiti, you have the option of taking larger doses of regular hormonal birth control instead of the morning after pill.<ref>http://ec.princeton.edu/countryquery.asp</ref>
The morning after pill is not widely available over the counter in Port-au-Prince. If it can be found, it is likely imported and will contain instructions in a foreign language which may render the product useless.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/09/opinion/sunday/haitis-silenced-victims.html Haiti's Silenced Victims]</ref> If you are in need of emergency contraception in Haiti, you have the option of taking larger doses of regular hormonal birth control instead of the morning after pill.<ref>http://ec.princeton.edu/countryquery.asp</ref>


===What to Get & Where to Get It=== <!--T:11-->
===What to Get & Where to Get It=== <!--T:11-->
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===Laws & Social Stigmas=== <!--T:17-->
===Laws & Social Stigmas=== <!--T:17-->
Haiti has a 1.8 percent prevalence rate of HIV/AIDS, among the highest percentage-wise in the Caribbean region (behind the Bahamas, and Belize). However, it has the most overall cases of HIV/AIDS in the Caribbean region with an estimated 120,000 HIV/AIDS-positive Haitians.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Haiti</ref>
Haiti has a 1.8 percent prevalence rate of HIV/AIDS, among the highest percentage-wise in the Caribbean region (behind the Bahamas, and Belize). However, it has the most overall cases of HIV/AIDS in the Caribbean region with an estimated 120,000 HIV/AIDS-positive Haitians.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Haiti HIV/AIDS in Haiti]</ref>


===What to Get & Where to Get It=== <!--T:18-->
===What to Get & Where to Get It=== <!--T:18-->


====Testing Facilities==== <!--T:19-->
====Testing Facilities==== <!--T:19-->
*AHF Haiti - Avenue Lamartiniere 1, Impasse Rigaud, Bois Verna Port-au-Prince Haiti <ref>https://www.aidshealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/AHF-GLOBAL-CLINIC-DIRECTORY-2014.pdf</ref>
*AHF Haiti - Avenue Lamartiniere 1, Impasse Rigaud, Bois Verna Port-au-Prince Haiti <ref>[https://www.aidshealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/AHF-GLOBAL-CLINIC-DIRECTORY-2014.pdf AHF Global Clinic Directory]</ref>


====Support==== <!--T:20-->
====Support==== <!--T:20-->
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===What to Get & Where to Get It=== <!--T:24-->
===What to Get & Where to Get It=== <!--T:24-->
"Fluconazole" is the name of the active ingredient in yeast infection medication. Make sure this is listed under active ingredients to ensure that you are buying an effective medication. PReP is not available to buy in Haiti<ref>http://www.prepwatch.org/</ref> As far as HPV vaccinations go, Haiti has a "Pilot Program", which means it is available but not readily accessible to everyone.
"Fluconazole" is the name of the active ingredient in yeast infection medication. Make sure this is listed under active ingredients to ensure that you are buying an effective medication. PReP is not available to buy in Haiti<ref>[http://www.prepwatch.org/ PrEPWatch]</ref> As far as HPV vaccinations go, Haiti has a "Pilot Program", which means it is available but not readily accessible to everyone.


===Costs=== <!--T:25-->
===Costs=== <!--T:25-->
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===Costs=== <!--T:33-->
===Costs=== <!--T:33-->
A box of 32 Tampax OB tampons can cost around 600 Gourde (~$9 USD). This price is even higher than many western countries. Because of this, disposable menstruation products have not much popularity among many women in the country. A company called [https://www.oursoil.org/1701-empowering-women/ SOIL] claims to provide reusable sanitary kits for free to all women in Haiti. Visit their website for more information.
A box of 32 Tampax OB tampons can cost around 600 Gourde (~$9 USD). This price is even higher than many western countries. Because of this, disposable menstruation products have not much popularity among many women in the country. A company called [https://www.oursoil.org/1701-empowering-women/ SOIL] claims to provide reusable sanitary kits for free to all women in Haiti. Visit their website for more information.


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*Ronald Fouche<br>Phone: 2245-6301/ 2244-2970/ 2968<br>Email: Email: rfouche@obgyn.net<br>Address: 42, Chemin des Dalles, entre rues<br>
*Ronald Fouche<br>Phone: 2245-6301/ 2244-2970/ 2968<br>Email: Email: rfouche@obgyn.net<br>Address: 42, Chemin des Dalles, entre rues<br>
St-Cyr & Magny- La Maison
St-Cyr & Magny- La Maison
Medicale, P-au-P<ref>http://photos.state.gov/libraries/haiti/231771/PDFs/LOCAL%20ENGLISH%20SPEAKING%20PHYSICIANS%20_August%202011_.pdf</ref>
Medicale, P-au-P<ref>[http://photos.state.gov/libraries/haiti/231771/PDFs/LOCAL%20ENGLISH%20SPEAKING%20PHYSICIANS%20_August%202011_.pdf[</ref>


===Costs=== <!--T:37-->
===Costs=== <!--T:37-->
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===Laws & Social Stigmas=== <!--T:44-->
===Laws & Social Stigmas=== <!--T:44-->
Haiti has some of the strictest laws regarding abortion in the world. There are no grounds in which abortions are legally permitted<ref>https://www.guttmacher.org/sites/default/files/factsheet/ib_aww-latin-america.pdf</ref> with the rare exception that it be necessary to save the mother's life, but even that is not guaranteed by law. Women often turn to highly unsafe and illegal underground abortion options. In large part, this is also due to the fact the contraception itself is not widely accepted, available or properly used. <ref>http://www.theoaklandpress.com/general-news/20131128/women-in-haiti-embracing-birth-control-despite-taboos</ref> Despite the fact that it is illegal, abortion is common in Haiti. <ref>http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/20644-a-look-at-abortion-in-haiti</ref> The number of post-abortion deaths in Haiti is unknown, but physicians say post-abortion complications are a leading cause of maternal death, with the health ministry estimating it could possibly account for as many as 30 percent of them. <ref>http://www.theoaklandpress.com/general-news/20131128/women-in-haiti-embracing-birth-control-despite-taboos</ref>
Haiti has some of the strictest laws regarding abortion in the world. There are no grounds in which abortions are legally permitted<ref>[https://www.guttmacher.org/sites/default/files/factsheet/ib_aww-latin-america.pdf Latin America Fact Sheet]</ref> with the rare exception that it be necessary to save the mother's life, but even that is not guaranteed by law. Women often turn to highly unsafe and illegal underground abortion options. In large part, this is also due to the fact the contraception itself is not widely accepted, available or properly used. <ref>[http://www.theoaklandpress.com/general-news/20131128/women-in-haiti-embracing-birth-control-despite-taboos Women in Haiti Embracing Birth Control Despite Taboos]</ref> Despite the fact that it is illegal, abortion is common in Haiti.<ref>[http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/20644-a-look-at-abortion-in-haiti A Look at Abortion in Haiti]</ref> The number of post-abortion deaths in Haiti is unknown, but physicians say post-abortion complications are a leading cause of maternal death, with the health ministry estimating it could possibly account for as many as 30 percent of them. <ref>[http://www.theoaklandpress.com/general-news/20131128/women-in-haiti-embracing-birth-control-despite-taboos Women in Haiti Embracing Birth Control Despite Taboos]</ref>


===What to Get & Where to Get It=== <!--T:45-->
===What to Get & Where to Get It=== <!--T:45-->
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==List of Additional Resources== <!--T:51-->
==List of Additional Resources== <!--T:51-->
[http://http://www.hpvcentre.net/statistics/reports/HTI_FS.pdf Haiti HPV Vaccine Status]
* [http://http://www.hpvcentre.net/statistics/reports/HTI_FS.pdf Haiti HPV Vaccine Status]


==References== <!--T:52-->
==References== <!--T:52-->

Revision as of 20:25, 11 March 2017

Other languages:


Image provided by Creative Commons.

OVERVIEW
Generally speaking, Haiti struggles with having the reputation as the poorest country in Western hemisphere and its turmoils have been compounded in 2010 and 2016 by disastrous earthquakes and hurricanes. This has left the country in need of international aid and a devastating lack of resources. This has obviously had a dramatic effect on sexual, reproductive and women's health care needs throughout the country. Though Port-au-Prince has more civil resources available than many of the countries more rural areas, there is still undoubtedly a lot of improvement to be made in these areas. Some of the issues include the lack of availability of contraception, overpriced feminine hygiene products, lack of proper medical facilities, unaffordable and outdated hospitals, a high rate of HIV infection and an alarming rate of sexual abuse against women[1]. Additionally, abortion is completely illegal and there is little help from government organizations to curb the STI infection rate and lack of education on family planning.

Contraception (Birth Control)

General Note: There are many types of contraceptives, also known as "birth control," including IUDs, oral contraceptives, patches, shots, and condoms, etc. If you would like to view a full list, click here.

Laws & Social Stigmas

In Haiti, a staggeringly low rate of 37.8% of women between the ages of 15 and 49 report using any kind of contraception at all with an overwhelming majority of them opting for the contraceptive injection. This is the lowest rate of any Caribbean country.[2] Because of this, it is critical that local residents who are sexually active do there best to get tested and use condoms as much as possible.

What to Get & Where to Get It

  • For a comprehensive list of all available hormonal contraceptive available in the country, visit the Haiti IPPF page.
  • Condoms can be purchased at larger retailers but more difficult to find at smaller businesses.
  • According to the International Planned Parenthood Federation, there are over 20 types of hormonal contraceptive pills (birth control pills) available. Most that are available are phasic and combined oral pills, but there is also a wide variety of hormonal implants available. There is only one hormonal IUD available by the name of "Mirena." The contraceptive ring (Nuvaring) does not seem to available for purchase in Haiti.[3]
  • You may be able to find contraceptive injectables, like Depo-Provera SAS 150mg/ml, Mesigyna, Mesigyna Instayect and Noristerat, according to IPFF.[4]
  • You may be able to find contraceptive implants, like Implanon and Jadelle, according to IPFF.[5]

Costs

KORE, loosely translated, means "I've got your back" in Haitian Creole, is a brand of condom that became available in Haiti in 2013. The company aimed to provide a widely available and much more affordable condom for the people of Haiti. [6]

Emergency Contraception (Morning After Pill)

Important Notes: Emergency contraception may prevent pregnancy for three days (72 hours) and sometimes five days (120 hours) after unprotected sex. Take EC as soon as possible after unprotected sex. If you don't have access to dedicated EC, oral contraceptives can be used as replacement EC, but remember the following: 1) Only some contraceptives work as EC 2) Different contraceptives require different dosages and time schedules to work as EC 3) You must only use the first 21 pills in 28-day packs and 4) They may be less effective than dedicated EC. For general information on emergency contraceptives, click here and here.

Laws & Social Stigmas

The morning after pill is not widely available over the counter in Port-au-Prince. If it can be found, it is likely imported and will contain instructions in a foreign language which may render the product useless.[7] If you are in need of emergency contraception in Haiti, you have the option of taking larger doses of regular hormonal birth control instead of the morning after pill.[8]

What to Get & Where to Get It

Note: The longest-lasting EC is currently ellaOne. It lasts up to 5 days (120 hours) after unprotected sex. Check to see if your country carries ellaOne. If your country doesn't carry ellaOne, copper IUDs may also prevent pregnancy up to 5 days after unprotected sex. If none of these options are available, and it's been over 3 days since you had unprotected sex, you can still take EC, which may work up to 5 days. Note that EC pills are not 100% effective and should be taken as soon as possible.

The following is a list of available oral Contraceptives used for emergency contraception (Progestin Only)[9] 

	Take 40 pills within 120 hours after unprotected sex:
	Ovrette
	Take 50 pills within 120 hours after unprotected sex:
	Microval

Oral Contraceptives used for EC / Progestin-Estrogen Combined Note: in 28-day packs, only the first 21 pills can be used 

	Take 2 pills within 120 hours after unprotected sex and take 2 more pills 12 hours later:
	Eugynon
	Neogynon
	Nordiol
	Ovral
	Take 4 pills within 120 hours after unprotected sex and take 4 more pills 12 hours later:
	Lo-Femenal
	Minigynon 30
	Nordette

Costs

Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs/STDs)

Important Notes - Learn about PEP and PrEP: If you think that you've been recently exposed to HIV (i.e. within 72 hours), seek out PEP (Post-Exposure Prophylaxis). It's a month-long treatment to prevent HIV infection after exposure, and it may be available in your city. Take PEP as soon as possible. For more information, click here. If you are at risk of HIV exposure, seek out PrEP (Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis). It's a daily oral pill that can prevent HIV infection before exposure. To learn more about PrEP, click here.

Laws & Social Stigmas

Haiti has a 1.8 percent prevalence rate of HIV/AIDS, among the highest percentage-wise in the Caribbean region (behind the Bahamas, and Belize). However, it has the most overall cases of HIV/AIDS in the Caribbean region with an estimated 120,000 HIV/AIDS-positive Haitians.[10]

What to Get & Where to Get It

Testing Facilities

  • AHF Haiti - Avenue Lamartiniere 1, Impasse Rigaud, Bois Verna Port-au-Prince Haiti [11]

Support

If someone you know is incarcerated in Port-au-Prince or elsewhere in Haiti and has contracted or is at risk of contracting HIV, the Aids Healthcare Foundation can help. They provide testing and medicine for those in need. Visit their website for more information.

Costs

Medications & Vaccines

Laws & Social Stigmas

What to Get & Where to Get It

"Fluconazole" is the name of the active ingredient in yeast infection medication. Make sure this is listed under active ingredients to ensure that you are buying an effective medication. PReP is not available to buy in Haiti[12] As far as HPV vaccinations go, Haiti has a "Pilot Program", which means it is available but not readily accessible to everyone.

Costs

Menstruation

Note: In addition to pads and tampons, you can also use menstrual cups and menstrual underwear for your period. To learn more about menstrual cups, click here. To learn more about menstrual underwear, click here.

Laws & Social Stigmas

What to Get & Where to Get It

"Kotex" is the most common brand of disposable pads available in Port-au-Prince.

Organizations working on menstrual issues in Haiti:

Costs

A box of 32 Tampax OB tampons can cost around 600 Gourde (~$9 USD). This price is even higher than many western countries. Because of this, disposable menstruation products have not much popularity among many women in the country. A company called SOIL claims to provide reusable sanitary kits for free to all women in Haiti. Visit their website for more information.

Gynecological Exams

Laws & Social Stigmas

What to Get & Where to Get It

  • Dr. Serge Guichard

Address: 13 Rue Faubert, Port-au-Prince , Haiti.
Tel: +509 257 1109
Specialism: Obstetrics & Gynaecology

  • Marco Percque

Phone: 2257-4711 / 2257-3646
Address: Unite Chirurgical

  1. 75 Rue Lambert, Petion Ville
  • Ronald Fouche
    Phone: 2245-6301/ 2244-2970/ 2968
    Email: Email: rfouche@obgyn.net
    Address: 42, Chemin des Dalles, entre rues

St-Cyr & Magny- La Maison Medicale, P-au-P[13]

Costs

Pregnancy

Laws & Social Stigmas

All women in Haiti are legally entitled to 6 weeks of maternity leave with 100% of their average pay to be compensated by their employer.[14] [15] However, the reality of the situation can be much different and many women find that they are not in a position to receive this official.[16] In Haiti, there are only 201 nurse-midwives for a population of 10 million. NGO Midwives for Haiti are trying to fill this gap with much needed help to improve mother and child survival. As of 2013, For every 100,000 babies born in Haiti, 630 women die of pregnancy-related causes.[17]

What to Get & Where to Get It

  • SHADA CLINIC – Cap Haitien
    *HAITI VILLAGE HEALTH – Bas Limbe
    *OPEN DOOR CLINIC – Bois de Lance
    *JOLITROU – Grande Riviere

Costs

The cost for a stay in a Public hospital in Port-au-Prince can cost less than 1 USD a day. However, the patient is accountable to pay for all other expenses, such as syringes, medicine, transportation etc. Because of this, the price of giving birth in a public hospital is out of the question for most people since about 60% of Haiti lives beneath the poverty line.

Abortion

Important Note: There are two main types of abortions: medical (also known as the "abortion pill") and surgical (also known as "in-clinic"). For medical abortions, you take a pill to induce abortion. For surgical abortions, a procedure is performed to induce abortion. For general information about medical and surgical abortions, click here.

Laws & Social Stigmas

Haiti has some of the strictest laws regarding abortion in the world. There are no grounds in which abortions are legally permitted[18] with the rare exception that it be necessary to save the mother's life, but even that is not guaranteed by law. Women often turn to highly unsafe and illegal underground abortion options. In large part, this is also due to the fact the contraception itself is not widely accepted, available or properly used. [19] Despite the fact that it is illegal, abortion is common in Haiti.[20] The number of post-abortion deaths in Haiti is unknown, but physicians say post-abortion complications are a leading cause of maternal death, with the health ministry estimating it could possibly account for as many as 30 percent of them. [21]

What to Get & Where to Get It

It is considered extremely dangerous by almost all health professionals to seek an unlicensed abortion illegally. The most affordable and safest alternative to this is to travel to Miami, Florida and get the procedure done there. Additionally, you may be able to order the "abortion pill" by mail. Check out this link for details

Costs

N/A

Advocacy & Counseling

Laws & Social Stigmas

What to Get & Where to Get It

The Pran Men’m clinic is a facility offering the emergency medical assistance required during the 72 hours following an assault, along with longer-term medical care and psychological support.

Costs

List of Additional Resources

References

  1. ↑ Sexual Violence in Haiti
  2. ↑ Trends in Contraceptive Use 2015
  3. ↑ IPPF - Haiti
  4. ↑ IPFF - Haiti
  5. ↑ IPFF - Haiti
  6. ↑ http://edition.cnn.com/2013/05/29/health/haiti-condom-donation
  7. ↑ Haiti's Silenced Victims
  8. ↑ http://ec.princeton.edu/countryquery.asp
  9. ↑ http://ec.princeton.edu/index.html
  10. ↑ HIV/AIDS in Haiti
  11. ↑ AHF Global Clinic Directory
  12. ↑ PrEPWatch
  13. ↑ [http://photos.state.gov/libraries/haiti/231771/PDFs/LOCAL%20ENGLISH%20SPEAKING%20PHYSICIANS%20_August%202011_.pdf[
  14. ↑ Parental Leave
  15. ↑ [1]
  16. ↑ [2]
  17. ↑ [3]
  18. ↑ Latin America Fact Sheet
  19. ↑ Women in Haiti Embracing Birth Control Despite Taboos
  20. ↑ A Look at Abortion in Haiti
  21. ↑ Women in Haiti Embracing Birth Control Despite Taboos


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