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Argentina: Difference between revisions
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updated abortion section to reflect 2020 laws
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In Argentina, you will find many health care resources, especially in larger cities such as [[Buenos Aires]] or [[Córdoba (Argentina)]]. Contraception (birth control) is legal and available. You can purchase condoms and birth control pills at pharmacies with no prescription (i.e., over-the-counter). Other contraceptive options are available at clinics or pharmacies (such as IUDs, rings, and injectables) but a prescription or clinic visit may be required. There are some recommended gynecologists that are known to be foreigner-friendly and especially hospitable (see details in "Gynecological Exams" section). You can also obtain emergency contraception ("the morning after pill") at pharmacies, public hospitals, or health centers. You can purchase pads and tampons in grocery stores, and there is at least one known seller of menstrual cups in the country. There is no PrEP access but there are many STI testing sites, and there is a national HPV vaccination program in place. For pregnancy, there are some recommended ob/gyns that we have listed in the "Pregnancy" section. | In Argentina, you will find many health care resources, especially in larger cities such as [[Buenos Aires]] or [[Córdoba (Argentina)]]. Contraception (birth control) is legal and available. You can purchase condoms and birth control pills at pharmacies with no prescription (i.e., over-the-counter). Other contraceptive options are available at clinics or pharmacies (such as IUDs, rings, and injectables) but a prescription or clinic visit may be required. There are some recommended gynecologists that are known to be foreigner-friendly and especially hospitable (see details in "Gynecological Exams" section). You can also obtain emergency contraception ("the morning after pill") at pharmacies, public hospitals, or health centers. You can purchase pads and tampons in grocery stores, and there is at least one known seller of menstrual cups in the country. There is no PrEP access but there are many STI testing sites, and there is a national HPV vaccination program in place. For pregnancy, there are some recommended ob/gyns that we have listed in the "Pregnancy" section. | ||
After many years of activism and advocacy, abortion was ruled as legal by the Argentine Senate in December 2020. Before this ruling, abortion was generally illegal in Argentina, which led to a large underground economy of clandestine abortions. General public opinion toward abortion gradually liberalized in the twenty-first century, ultimately leading to the 2020 ruling.<ref>[https://nacla.org/news/2020/07/08/argentina-abortion-reform-covid Activists Keep Argentina’s Abortion Reform on the Agenda Despite Covid-19]</ref><ref name="cnn_abortionargentina2020>[https://www.cnn.com/2020/12/30/americas/argentina-abortion-senate-vote-intl/index.html Argentina's Senate approves historic bill to legalize abortion]</ref> | |||
Demographically, Argentina is a diverse nation, with a large influx of European immigrants in the 19th and 20th centuries and from neighboring countries in the 20th & 21st centuries. The majority of Argentines are nominally Roman Catholic (about 92%). The birth rate has declined since the early 20th century, with a total birth rate of 16 births per 1000 people in 2020 (ranked 110th in the world). There are about 2.2 children born per woman, according to 2020 data (ranked 74th in the world). About one-third of the population lives in Buenos Aires, and about 92% of the population is urbanized.<ref name="cia_argentina">[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ar.html CIA World Factbook: Argentina]</ref> | Demographically, Argentina is a diverse nation, with a large influx of European immigrants in the 19th and 20th centuries and from neighboring countries in the 20th & 21st centuries. The majority of Argentines are nominally Roman Catholic (about 92%). The birth rate has declined since the early 20th century, with a total birth rate of 16 births per 1000 people in 2020 (ranked 110th in the world). There are about 2.2 children born per woman, according to 2020 data (ranked 74th in the world). About one-third of the population lives in Buenos Aires, and about 92% of the population is urbanized.<ref name="cia_argentina">[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ar.html CIA World Factbook: Argentina]</ref> | ||
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'''Important Note''': Anyone can be affected by STIs. It's possible to have one without having symptoms. If you've had unprotected sex, it's important you have a screen. Furthermore, if you think that you've been recently exposed to HIV (i.e. within 72 hours), you can seek out PEP (Post-Exposure Prophylaxis). It's a month-long treatment to prevent HIV infection after exposure, and it may be available in your city. Take PEP as soon as possible. For more information, click [https://www.aids.gov/hiv-aids-basics/prevention/reduce-your-risk/post-exposure-prophylaxis/ here]. If you are at risk of HIV exposure, seek out PrEP (Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis). It's a daily oral pill that can prevent HIV infection before exposure. To learn more about PrEP, click [http://www.whatisprep.org/ here]. | '''Important Note''': Anyone can be affected by STIs. It's possible to have one without having symptoms. If you've had unprotected sex, it's important you have a screen. Furthermore, if you think that you've been recently exposed to HIV (i.e. within 72 hours), you can seek out PEP (Post-Exposure Prophylaxis). It's a month-long treatment to prevent HIV infection after exposure, and it may be available in your city. Take PEP as soon as possible. For more information, click [https://www.aids.gov/hiv-aids-basics/prevention/reduce-your-risk/post-exposure-prophylaxis/ here]. If you are at risk of HIV exposure, seek out PrEP (Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis). It's a daily oral pill that can prevent HIV infection before exposure. To learn more about PrEP, click [http://www.whatisprep.org/ here]. | ||
===Laws & Social Stigmas=== <!--T:25--> | ===Laws & Social Stigmas=== <!--T:25--> | ||
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Between 2000-10, the HIV infection rate decreased.<ref>[http://www.fast-trackcities.org/sites/default/files/Thirty%20Years%20of%20the%20HIV%3AAIDS%20Epidemic%20in%20Argentina.%20World%20Bank%20%282015%29.pdf Thirty Years of the HIV/AIDS Epidemic in Argentina]</ref> The Ministry of Health also reported a 15% decrease in HIV infection rates between 2006-2016.<ref>[https://www.thebubble.com/getting-tested-for-hiv-just-got-easier-in-argentina Getting Tested For HIV Just Got Easier In Argentina]</ref> However, the rates of HIV in Argentina are reportedly now increasing (with a 3% raise between 2009-2019)<ref>[https://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/argentina UNAIDS Country factsheets ARGENTINA, 2019]</ref> - whilst some groups are affected more than others (men who have sex with men, commercial sex workers, intravenous drug users, and prisoners), anyone can get it and it's vital you are tested if you're having unprotected sex. | |||
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The Argentine government has taken some steps to address the increasing HIV/AIDS rate. The national AIDS response receives 98% of its funding from domestic funds, and the mayor of Buenos Aires pledged to Fast-Track the AIDS response in Buenos Aires in 2015.<ref>[http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/featurestories/2015/september/20150916_mayors Mayors of Santiago and Buenos Aires pledge to accelerate the AIDS response in their cities]</ref> | The Argentine government has taken some steps to address the increasing HIV/AIDS rate. The national AIDS response receives 98% of its funding from domestic funds, and the mayor of Buenos Aires pledged to Fast-Track the AIDS response in Buenos Aires in 2015.<ref>[http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/featurestories/2015/september/20150916_mayors Mayors of Santiago and Buenos Aires pledge to accelerate the AIDS response in their cities]</ref> | ||
====Testing Facilities==== <!--T:30--> | ====Testing Facilities==== <!--T:30--> | ||
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You can get tested at | * You can get tested at public hospitals in Argentine cities and towns. The wait times will be longer but costs will be very low, and potentially free. For the full list, click [http://www.msal.gob.ar/images/stories/bes/graficos/0000000105cnt-2013-05_centros-testeo.pdf here]. | ||
* For local recommendations for hospitals, clinics, and other testing sites, visit the city pages, such as the [[Buenos Aires]] page. | |||
* | |||
====Support==== <!--T:35--> | ====Support==== <!--T:35--> | ||
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===Costs=== <!--T:37--> | ===Costs=== <!--T:37--> | ||
* If you would like to get tested at a private facility, the costs will be higher. But the wait times will be faster and facilities will generally be nicer. | |||
===Additional Information=== | |||
* For up-to-date information about how and where to test for STIs, HIV and safe sex see [http://www.thebubble.com/sexual-health-101-how-to-stay-sti-and-baby-free-in-buenos-aires/ How To Stay STI and Baby-Free in Buenos Aires (The Bubble)] | |||
* [https://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/argentina UNAIDS data on Argentina] | |||
* [http://www.fast-trackcities.org/sites/default/files/Thirty%20Years%20of%20the%20HIV%3AAIDS%20Epidemic%20in%20Argentina.%20World%20Bank%20%282015%29.pdf World Bank report: Thirty Years of the HIV/AIDS Epidemic in Argentina] | |||
==Medications & Vaccines== <!--T:38--> | ==Medications & Vaccines== <!--T:38--> | ||
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==Gynecological Exams== <!--T:49--> | ==Gynecological Exams== <!--T:49--> | ||
* If you want to find a recommended gynecologist or clinic, you'll need to visit one of our city pages for local recommendations, such as the [[Buenos_Aires#Gynecological_Exams|Buenos Aires]]. | |||
* You can read a [https://helloclue.com/articles/about-clue/clue-ambassador-stories-my-first-gyno-appointment personal testimonial] of a LGBTQ+ individual on their first gynecological exam in Argentina. | |||
* A 2008 found that low-income women and women experiencing poverty in Argentina have lower rates of accessing pap smear tests in Argentina.<ref>[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19027622/ Social inequality in Pap smear coverage: identifying under-users of cervical cancer screening in Argentina]</ref> | |||
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==Pregnancy== <!--T:54--> | ==Pregnancy== <!--T:54--> | ||
===Laws & Social Stigmas=== <!--T:55--> | ===Laws & Social Stigmas=== <!--T:55--> | ||
The maternal mortality rate is 39 deaths per 100,000 live births, according to 2019 data.<ref name=cia_argentina /> Mothers are given 90 days of paid maternity leave, which is paid by their employer. It is common for mothers to take 45 days before the birth and 45 days after the birth.<ref>[https://www.angloinfo.com/how-to/argentina/healthcare/pregnancy-birth/maternity-leave Argentina: Maternity Leave and Benefits]</ref> Fathers who work in the public sector are given 15 days of paternity leave. Fathers who work in the private sector are given 2 days of paternity leave.<ref>[https://www.thebubble.com/paid-paternity-leave-increased-to-encourage-co-parenting-in-buenos-aires Paid Paternity Leave Increased to Encourage Co-Parenting in Buenos Aires]</ref> | |||
===What to Get & Where to Get It=== <!--T:56--> | ===What to Get & Where to Get It=== <!--T:56--> | ||
* For local recommendations on ob/gyns and clinics, you can check out the city pages, such as [[Buenos Aires#Pregnancy|Buenos Aires]]. | |||
* | |||
===Costs=== <!--T:58--> | ===Costs=== <!--T:58--> | ||
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In Argentina, abortion is generally not permitted. It | In Argentina, abortion is legally available for up to 14 weeks of pregnancy, according to a December 2020 ruling. We'll update this section as more information comes in.<ref name="cnn_abortionargentina2020 /> For comprehensive information Argentine abortion laws its history, we recommend you visit the [[Argentina]] country page. | ||
Before this ruling, abortion was generally not permitted. It was only completely legal in certain circumstances, which included: to save the life of the woman, to protect physical health, and in cases of rape. It should be noted that the Ministry of Health had not formally ratified protocols that permited abortions in cases of rape, so the legality was debatable, yet it appearred to be fully decriminalized.<ref>[http://www.reproductiverights.org/press-room/argentina-decriminalizes-abortion-in-all-cases-of-rape Argentina Decriminalizes Abortion in All Cases of Rape]</ref> All other reasons for an abortion, including risk of fetal impairment, economic or social reasons, or availability upon request, were prohibited. According to the Pact of San Jose (1994), the right to life begins "in general, from the moment of conception."<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion_in_Argentina Abortion in Argentina]</ref> While some Argentine politicians expressed interest in changing the abortion laws in the past, the Catholic Church played a strong role in Argentine society, and politicians struggled to go forth with these plans. | |||
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The penalty for an illegal abortion | The penalty for an illegal abortion was up to four years in prison for the person who performed the abortion. However, in order to penalize the physician, the police needed to actually find a person performing an illegal abortion. This made the prosecution rather difficult. There were reports of police wire-tapping the phones of at least one abortion clinic in order to prosecute the physicians.<ref>[https://news.vice.com/article/argentinas-doctors-perform-half-a-million-illegal-abortions-a-year-but-legalization-still-seems-unlikely Argentina’s Doctors Perform Half a Million Illegal Abortions a Year, But Legalization Still Seems Unlikely]</ref> | ||
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For many years, Argentine abortion laws only permitted abortion in cases when the woman's life was endangered. In March 2012, the provisions were expanded after a landmark case, in which the Supreme Court allowed a 15-year old who was raped by stepfather to obtain an abortion. As a result, the Supreme Court ruled that abortion in cases of rape should not be criminalized, and they ruled that a sworn affidavit confirming the rape would be enough to allow the abortion.<ref>[http://www.reuters.com/article/us-argentina-abortion-idUSBRE89B16B20121012 Rape victims struggle to get legal abortions in Argentina]</ref> | For many years, Argentine abortion laws only permitted abortion in cases when the woman's life was endangered. In March 2012, the provisions were expanded after a landmark case, in which the Supreme Court allowed a 15-year old who was raped by stepfather to obtain an abortion. As a result, the Supreme Court ruled that abortion in cases of rape should not be criminalized, and they ruled that a sworn affidavit confirming the rape would be enough to allow the abortion.<ref>[http://www.reuters.com/article/us-argentina-abortion-idUSBRE89B16B20121012 Rape victims struggle to get legal abortions in Argentina]</ref> | ||
Public opinion began to to gradually change in the twenty-first century. In 2003, a poll found that 30% of Argentines thought abortion should be permitted "regardless of situation," 47% thought it should be permitted "under certain circumstances" and 23% thought that abortion should never be permitted. Later, in September 2011, the same poll showed that 45% of Argentines thought abortion should be permitted for any reason.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion_in_Argentina Abortion in Argentina]</ref> | |||
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Before abortion was legalized in Argentina, it was estimated that half a million abortions happen in Argentina each year, which would be 40% of all pregnancies.<ref>[https://news.vice.com/article/argentinas-doctors-perform-half-a-million-illegal-abortions-a-year-but-legalization-still-seems-unlikely Argentina’s Doctors Perform Half a Million Illegal Abortions a Year, But Legalization Still Seems Unlikely]</ref> Many of these clandestine abortions were performed in unsafe conditions or by unqualified personnel. The number one cause for maternal mortality rates in Argentina is unsafe abortions, which is estimated to be about to 31% of maternal deaths. | |||
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There | There were also reported difficulties for women seeking abortions, due to the fears expressed by physicians. As reported in Argentina Independent, "For poor women, public hospitals are often the only available option. Yet frequently, fear of legal repercussions, or a personal moral stance, leads health professionals in public hospitals to demand judicial authorisation before agreeing to terminate the pregnancy, despite the fact that it is not required by law. For their part, some judges likewise refuse to authorise the practice, arguing that they only have a role once the abortion has already been performed."<ref>[http://www.argentinaindependent.com/socialissues/humanrights/abortion-in-argentina-unsafe-and-unattainable/ Abortion in Argentina: Unsafe and Unattainable]</ref> | ||
===What to Get & Where to Get It=== <!--T:64--> | ===What to Get & Where to Get It=== <!--T:64--> | ||