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==Contraception== | '''OVERVIEW''' | ||
In Johannesburg, you will find a range of health care resources. Contraception is legal although a prescription is required and, generally-speaking, many women may be unaware of the full range of contraceptives available to them. The South African government is keenly interested in improving general usage and awareness among women of reproductive age. Emergency contraception (the morning after pill) is available without prescription if you're over 16 years old. If you're under 16 years old, you'll probably need to consult with a doctor and obtain a prescription. | |||
Globally, South Africa is known to have a large HIV epidemic, and the country is trying to fight the issue with educational programs. There are many sites at which you can get tested for STIs, and there are especially many support and healthcare-related groups for people affected by HIV/AIDS. | |||
If you become pregnant in South Africa, maternity leave is honored but companies are not required to pay you during this time. | |||
Abortion is legal on demand (no reason needs to be given) up to 12 weeks of pregnancy. Between 12 weeks and 20 weeks abortion is available under any of the following circumstances: (a) a person's own physical or mental health is at stake, (b) the baby will have severe mental or physical abnormalities, (c) the person is pregnant because of incest, (d) is pregnant because of rape, or (e) the person is of the personal opinion that her economic or social situation is sufficient reason for the termination of pregnancy. If the person is more than 20 weeks pregnant, they can get the abortion only if their own or the fetus' life is in danger or there are likely to be serious birth defects. Abortion is provided free of charge at designated government facilities. Healthcare providers are allowed to choose not to provide abortion care because of their own personal beliefs ('conscientious objection') but are legally required to refer to a provider who will provide abortion care. | |||
==Contraception (Birth Control)== | |||
'''General Note:''' There are many types of contraceptives, also known as "birth control," including IUDs, oral contraceptives, patches, shots, and condoms, etc. If you would like to view a full list, click [https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/birth-control here]. | '''General Note:''' There are many types of contraceptives, also known as "birth control," including IUDs, oral contraceptives, patches, shots, and condoms, etc. If you would like to view a full list, click [https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/birth-control here]. | ||
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===Laws & Social Stigmas=== | ===Laws & Social Stigmas=== | ||
In South Africa, you need a prescription to obtain birth control.<ref>[Global Oral Contraception Availability http://ocsotc.org/wp-content/uploads/worldmap/worldmap.html]</ref> | In South Africa, you need a prescription to obtain birth control.<ref>[Global Oral Contraception Availability http://ocsotc.org/wp-content/uploads/worldmap/worldmap.html]</ref> | ||
According to a 2015 UN report, it was estimated that about 65% of women in South Africa (who were married/in unions and between the ages of 15 and 49) used any form of contraception, including traditional methods. It was estimated that about 12% of women had unmet family planning needs. The most common forms of contraception were contraceptive injectables (about 30%). This was followed by female sterilization (about 15%), birth control pills (about 12%), and condoms (about 5%). There were low rates of usage for IUDs (about 1%) and male sterilization (less than 1%). There was practically no usage of contraceptive implants (0.0%) or vaginal barrier methods (0.0%).<ref>[http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/family/trendsContraceptiveUse2015Report.pdf Trends in Contraceptive Use Worldwide 2015]</ref> | |||
Generally speaking, South African women do receive education related to contraception. However, they may have limited knowledge of the range of contraceptive options available.<ref>[https://www.health-e.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/ContraceptionPolicyServiceDelGuidelines2013.pdf]</ref> | |||
In 2014, the South African government revealed a new family planning strategy. Under this new plan, contraception options were expanded, including the introduction of Implanon Nxt (contraceptive implant). The government also sought to increase demand for less popular contraceptives, like IUDs and condoms.<ref>[https://www.health-e.org.za/2014/05/06/guidelines-national-contraception-fertility-planning-policy/]</ref> | In 2014, the South African government revealed a new family planning strategy. Under this new plan, contraception options were expanded, including the introduction of Implanon Nxt (contraceptive implant). The government also sought to increase demand for less popular contraceptives, like IUDs and condoms.<ref>[https://www.health-e.org.za/2014/05/06/guidelines-national-contraception-fertility-planning-policy/]</ref> | ||
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===Costs=== | ===Costs=== | ||
==Emergency Contraception== | ==Emergency Contraception (Morning After Pill)== | ||
'''Important Notes:''' Emergency contraception may prevent pregnancy for three days (72 hours) and sometimes five days (120 hours) after unprotected sex. Take EC '''as soon as possible''' after unprotected sex. If you don't have access to dedicated EC, oral contraceptives can be used as replacement EC, but remember the following: 1) Only some contraceptives work as EC 2) Different contraceptives require different dosages and time schedules to work as EC 3) You must only use the first 21 pills in 28-day packs and 4) They may be less effective than dedicated EC. For general information on emergency contraceptives, click [https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/morning-after-pill-emergency-contraception here] and [http://ec.princeton.edu/info/ecp.html here]. | '''Important Notes:''' Emergency contraception may prevent pregnancy for three days (72 hours) and sometimes five days (120 hours) after unprotected sex. Take EC '''as soon as possible''' after unprotected sex. If you don't have access to dedicated EC, oral contraceptives can be used as replacement EC, but remember the following: 1) Only some contraceptives work as EC 2) Different contraceptives require different dosages and time schedules to work as EC 3) You must only use the first 21 pills in 28-day packs and 4) They may be less effective than dedicated EC. For general information on emergency contraceptives, click [https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/morning-after-pill-emergency-contraception here] and [http://ec.princeton.edu/info/ecp.html here]. | ||
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''Dedicated Products / Progestin Only | ''Dedicated Products / Progestin Only | ||
Take 1 pill within 120 hours after unprotected sex:'' | Take 1 pill within 120 hours after unprotected sex:''<ref>[http://ec.princeton.edu/worldwide/ Princeton EC Website]</ref> | ||
* Escapelle (available from a pharmacist without a prescription) | * Escapelle (available from a pharmacist without a prescription) | ||
''Take 2 pills within 120 hours after unprotected sex:'' | ''Take 2 pills within 120 hours after unprotected sex:''<ref>[http://ec.princeton.edu/worldwide/ Princeton EC Website]</ref> | ||
* NorLevo 0.75 mg (available from a pharmacist without a prescription) | * NorLevo 0.75 mg (available from a pharmacist without a prescription) | ||
Oral Contraceptives used for EC / Progestin Only | Oral Contraceptives used for EC / Progestin Only | ||
Take 50 pills within 120 hours after unprotected sex: | Take 50 pills within 120 hours after unprotected sex:<ref>[http://ec.princeton.edu/worldwide/ Princeton EC Website]</ref> | ||
* Microval | * Microval | ||
''Oral Contraceptives used for EC / Progestin-Estrogen Combined | ''Oral Contraceptives used for EC / Progestin-Estrogen Combined | ||
Note: in 28-day packs, only the first 21 pills can be used | Note: in 28-day packs, only the first 21 pills can be used | ||
Take 2 pills within 120 hours after unprotected sex and take 2 more pills 12 hours later:'' | Take 2 pills within 120 hours after unprotected sex and take 2 more pills 12 hours later:''<ref>[http://ec.princeton.edu/worldwide/ Princeton EC Website]</ref> | ||
* Nordiol | * Nordiol | ||
* Ovral | * Ovral | ||
''Take 4 pills within 120 hours after unprotected sex and take 4 more pills 12 hours later:'' | ''Take 4 pills within 120 hours after unprotected sex and take 4 more pills 12 hours later:''<ref>[http://ec.princeton.edu/worldwide/ Princeton EC Website]</ref> | ||
* Nordette | * Nordette | ||
===Costs=== | ===Costs=== | ||
The price of LNG | The price of LNG emergency contraception ranges from $5.30 - $5.97, as of 2013.<ref>[http://www.cecinfo.org/country-by-country-information/status-availability-database/countries/south-africa/ EC Status and Availability: South Africa]</ref> | ||
==Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs/STDs)== | ==Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs/STDs)== | ||
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* [http://www.aids-update.org.za/ HIV/AIDS Update: A South African Information and Service Centre]: "Newsletters and support in South Africa." | * [http://www.aids-update.org.za/ HIV/AIDS Update: A South African Information and Service Centre]: "Newsletters and support in South Africa." | ||
* [http://www.soulcity.org.za/ Soul City Institute of Health & Development Communication] | * [http://www.soulcity.org.za/ Soul City Institute of Health & Development Communication] | ||
* [www.info4africa.org.za The Centre for HIV/AIDS Networking]: "A Web site showcasing approaches to the fight against HIV/AIDS in the KwaZulu-Natal region of South Africa." | * [http://www.info4africa.org.za The Centre for HIV/AIDS Networking]: "A Web site showcasing approaches to the fight against HIV/AIDS in the KwaZulu-Natal region of South Africa." | ||
===Costs=== | ===Costs=== | ||
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===What to Get & Where to Get It=== | ===What to Get & Where to Get It=== | ||
In South Africa, you can access PrEP, which is included in the National Strategic Plan (NSP) for HIV, STIs and TB (2012-2016). As stated by PrEPWatch, "Prevention advocates are actively engaging with researchers and policy makers around revising PrEP guidelines, following the planned and ongoing PrEP demonstrations studies and discussing possible rollout plans."<ref>[http://www.prepwatch.org/south-africa/ PrEPWatch: South Africa]</ref> | |||
===Costs=== | ===Costs=== | ||
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===Laws & Social Stigmas=== | ===Laws & Social Stigmas=== | ||
"Maternity leave is provided and regulated under the Basic Conditions of Employment Act. Female workers are entitled to at least four consecutive months of maternity leave. The worker may commence maternity leave four weeks prior to the expected date of confinement or earlier if a medical practitioner certifies that it is necessary for the health of worker or her child. Also, a worker is not allowed to work within six weeks of child's birth unless a medical practitioner certifies her to do so. In the event of a miscarriage in the third trimester of pregnancy or a stillbirth, the woman is entitled to six weeks of leave from the date of the miscarriage or stillbirth whether or not she has commenced maternity leave at the time of miscarriage or stillbirth. The pregnant worker must notify her employer in writing at least four weeks prior to the date of commencement of maternity leave and when she intends returning to work from maternity leave. | |||
It is not a requirement that employers pay workers during maternity leave. However, some companies may offer maternity benefit packages. In some workplaces, collective bargaining agreements allow for fully paid maternity leave for several months, or partly paid maternity leave for some months. For example, Pick n Pay allows their employees up to 11 months maternity leave, and pays their employees a portion of their salary for the period they are on maternity leave. Workers on maternity leave may claim from their UIF (Unemployment Insurance Fund) if they have contributed to the fund for more than four months. A worker, contributing to UIF, is eligible for a maternity benefit of 38% to 60% of their average earnings in the last six months, depending on the insured person's level of income. Maternity benefits are paid for a total of 17.32 weeks (six weeks in the event of a miscarriage or a stillborn child).Workers who work for less than 24 hours a week are not entitled to sign up for UIF, and thus cannot access maternity benefits."<ref>[http://www.mywage.co.za/main/decent-work/maternity-and-work Maternity and Work]</ref> | |||
===What to Get & Where to Get It=== | ===What to Get & Where to Get It=== | ||
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==Abortion== | ==Abortion== | ||
'''Important Note:''' There are two main types of abortions: medical (also known as the "abortion pill") and surgical (also known as "in-clinic"). For medical abortions, you take a pill to induce abortion. For surgical abortions, a procedure is performed to induce abortion. For general information about medical and surgical abortions, click [https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/abortion here]. | '''Important Note:''' There are two main types of abortions: medical (also known as the "abortion pill") and surgical (also known as "in-clinic"). For medical abortions, you take a pill to induce abortion. For surgical abortions, a procedure is performed to induce abortion. For general information about medical and surgical abortions, click [https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/abortion here]. According to South African policy, if a pregnancy is less than 9 weeks, it is possible to choose between surgical and medical abortion. After 9 weeks only a surgical abortion is possible. | ||
===Laws & Social Stigmas=== | ===Laws & Social Stigmas=== | ||
In South Africa, abortion is fully legal with no age restrictions during the first 12 weeks of pregnancy. For the first twelve weeks, all primary reasons for an abortion are permitted, including to save the life of the woman, to preserve physical health, to preserve mental health, rape or incest, fetal impairment, economic or social reasons or available on request. From the thirteenth to twentieth week of pregnancy, an abortion may be performed under the following circumstances: to save the life of the woman, to preserve physical health, to preserve mental health, rape or incest, fetal impairment and economic or social reasons. After the twentieth week of pregnancy, an abortion may be performed "if two medical practitioners or one medical practitioner and a midwife are of the opinion that the continued pregnancy would endanger the woman’s life, would result in severe malformation of the foetus or would pose a risk of injury to the foetus." | |||
To obtain an abortion, the South African government recommends that women seek counseling, but it's not required. If a woman is under 18 years old, she will be advised to consult her parents but she's not legally required to do so. If a woman is married or in a life-partner relationship, she will also be advised to consult her partner, but she's not required to do so. However, if a woman is intellectually-disabled or has been unconscious for a long time, the physicians will need approval from guardians, parents, life partners or spouses. | |||
While the government typically doesn't require parental or spousal consent, it does require consent from physicians. For the abortion to be legal, the woman must first get approval from two independent physicians (not including the physician who will perform the abortion). One of the consulting physicians must have practiced medicine for at least four years. If the abortion is being performed to preserve the woman's mental health, a psychiatrist must be one of the consulting physicians. If the abortion is being performed due to unlawful intercourse, a district surgeon must approve of the abortion. Furthermore, if the abortion is being performed due to rape, incest or intercourse with an intellectually-disabled woman, there will typically need to be a certificate issued by a local magistrate to authorize the abortion on such grounds. | |||
You should be aware that South African health workers are not legally required to assist abortions. If they have any personal, professional or moral objections, they can decide to take no part in an abortion. However, they are required by law to assist in abortions that are performed to save the life of a woman. Furthermore, if you approach a health care worker in order to obtain an abortion, they may decline to offer you services but they are legally required to inform you of your rights and refer you to health care workers/facilities where you can obtain an abortion. | |||
When a legal abortion is performed, it cannot be performed by any of the consulting physicians. During the first twelve weeks of pregnancy, a physician or midwife may perform the abortion. After twelve weeks of pregnancy, only a medical practitioner can perform the abortion. The abortion must be performed at a government hospital (or another approved institution) by a physician. The hospital superintendent must approve the abortion. | |||
Historically, abortion law in South Africa was under Roman-Dutch Common Law until 1975, which only permitted abortion if the life of the woman was endangered by pregnancy. Then, in 1975, The Abortion and Sterilization Act of 1975 was passed, which expanded abortion availability to include women whose mental/physical health was endangered by the pregnancy, women who were victims of rape or incest or were intellectually-disabled (or, as the law called it "idiot or imbecile"), or if the fetus was at risk of being born with a mental/physical defect. The Act required that three physicians approve of the abortion. Since the Act was still fairly restrictive, most women at the time did not seek legal abortions and the majority of abortions (200,000 per year) were performed illegally. | |||
As written in a UN Report, "This legal situation was dramatically altered in 1994 after the transition from the apartheid regime to full democracy and the victory of the African National Congress (ANC) in the first fully democratic elections in South Africa. The ANC had campaigned on a platform of liberalized abortion and, once it came to power, it proceeded to fulfill its campaign pledge on this issue. After receiving the report of the Ad Hoc Select Committee on Abortion and Sterilisation, appointed to review this matter, the Government introduced draft legislation in Parliament to allow abortions to be performed on request during the first fourteen weeks of pregnancy. The proposed legislation provoked a heated debate between pro-choice and pro-life groups, and the latter held numerous rallies to protest suggested changes. Despite polls indicating that the great majority of the population did not support the legislation and considerable opposition among legislators both within and without the ruling ANC party, the legislation (the Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act) was enacted in 1996, with almost one quarter of the legislators absent." | |||
The report later states: "The 1996 abortion law is now the most liberal in Africa and, indeed, the world, authorizing the performance of abortions not only during the first trimester of pregnancy on request, but also through the twentieth week of pregnancy on very broad grounds, including socio-economic grounds. Although the preamble to the law stresses that abortion is not considered a form of contraception or population control, it also makes clear that the law is firmly based on a notion of individual human rights." | |||
While the 1996 Abortion Law has been challenged by South African conservatives, it remains in place today. | |||
===What to Get & Where to Get It=== | ===What to Get & Where to Get It=== | ||
You can safely use abortion pills at home up to 12 weeks and 6 days - this is sometimes called self-management. To '''self-manage''' your abortion you need 12 misoprosotol tablets. Misoprostol is widely available in pharmacies on prescription. Misoprostol is sold under the brand names Misoprostol (it used to be called Cytotec) and Arthrotec in South Africa.<ref>[https://www.womenonwaves.org/en/page/2788/south-africa Women on Waves: South Africa]</ref> | |||
Instructions for doing an abortion using misoprostol are provided by [https://www.abortionsupport.co.za Abortion Support] and [https://safe2choose.org/safe-abortion/abortion-pills/abortion-with-misoprostol Safe2Choose.] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eYOiLq9cTf4 Ami Explains Abortion] provides a video explanation of how to do an abortion with misoprosotol. For support with self-management and any questions, you can email [https://www.abortionsupport.co.za Abortion Support], [https://www.womenonweb.org/ Women on Web] or [https://womenhelp.org/ Women Help Women]. | |||
If you are less than 12 weeks and 6 days, you can choose '''telemedical''' abortion. With this option you have a telephone or online consultation instead of visiting a clinic. Abortion Support offers a pharmacy-pick up service. This involves an online consultation, a prescription is provided and you collect your medication at a pharmacy near your home. This costs R220 if you choose misoprostol alone. Marie Stopes provides a pills by post service. This involves a telephone consultation and then pills are sent to your home address. This costs between 1500 and 1750 ZAR. | |||
You can choose to visit an abortion clinic. An incomplete map of public and private abortion clinics is available [https://wtc.pdachoice.com/wtc/view/map.html here]. Make sure you tick the box for 'Comprehensive Family Planning Services' to see clinics that offer abortion. | |||
You can get an abortion at a '''government hospital''' for free. Not all government hospitals and clinics provide abortion and there is no complete list of government providers. However, if you visit your local clinic you can get a referral when they don't offer abortion. You can also choose to go to a '''private facility'''. Here's a list of some private facilities: | |||
*[https://www.abortionsupport.co.za Abortion Support:] Provides an online consultation and prescription for free. You pay R220 to the pharmacy for your medication. | |||
* [http://www.mariestopes.org.za/safe-abortion/ Marie Stopes South Africa]: "We offer safe abortion (also called Termination of Pregnancy or TOP) for women who are up to 20 weeks pregnant. Depending on the gestation (stage of the pregnancy), we have two services available: the Marie Stopes Medical Process (often called the abortion pill) and the Marie Stopes Procedure (a minor, same day treatment). Our nurses and doctors are accredited professionals and experts in reproductive healthcare. Our work is strictly governed the Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act (amended 2008) and we adhere to World Health Organisation Guidelines and protocols set out by Marie Stopes International." There are nine clinics are situated in the areas surrounding Johannesburg, Cape Town and Durban. | |||
===Costs=== | ===Costs=== | ||
* "Abortions are free at government hospitals and clinics during the first three months of pregnancy. The Marie Stopes Clinics also do abortions. These nine clinics are situated in the areas surrounding Johannesburg, Cape Town and Durban. Their abortions are subsidised and much cheaper. Whereas private clinic abortions can cost between R470 and R1 460. The cost of the abortion depends on how far the pregnancy has progressed and also on where the clinic is situated."<ref>[http://askmama.mobi/content/mama-a-to-z/back-to-basics-abortion-facts/ Back to Basics: Abortion Facts]</ref> | |||
* The cost of the abortion depends on how far the pregnancy has progressed and also on where the clinic is situated. | |||
* Abortion Support provides care for R220. Whereas at other private clinics abortions can cost between R470 and R1 460. | |||
==Advocacy & Counseling== | ==Advocacy & Counseling== | ||
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===What to Get & Where to Get It=== | ===What to Get & Where to Get It=== | ||
===Costs=== | *[http://lifeline.org.za Lifeline Southern Africa]: Provides 24 hour suicide/crisis hotline: 0861 322 322. Address: 10th Floor, North City House, Cnr Melle & Jorrisen Street, Fraamfontein, Johannesburg, 2001 | ||
*[https://www.facebook.com/shelter4girls/ The House Group]: "Shelter for Abused, Abandoned & Destitute girls under 19 years of age, who are using/exposed to addictive substances or runaways." Address: 60 & 62 Olivia Road, Berea. Phone: 0110279190 or 0828102726 | |||
*[http://www.usindisoministries.co.za Usindiso Ministries - A Kingdom Ministry]: "Usindiso Ministries provides temporary accommodation for abused women and their children on our First Floor. The Second Floor is set aside for ladies who are training on the Skills to Furnish Programme. Each floor is registered to accommodate 60 persons, which gives the shelter a capacity for 120 persons including their children. Usindiso Ministries provides basic needs for each woman and child, which includes accommodation, food, toiletries, nappies and clothing, when they are available. These women are referred to us by the police, nearby hospitals, other institutions or they hear about us by word of mouth and arrive on their own." Phone: +27 11 334 1143. Email: contact@usindisoministries.co.za | |||
===Costs === | |||
== List of Additional Resources== | |||
*[http://ncwsa.org.za/ National Council of Women of South Africa]: "NCWSA aims to bring together women of all ages and all walks of life in South Africa, to learn more about local, national and international affairs that affect us all." P.O. Box 1242, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa, Tel: 011-834-1366. Email: info@ncswa.org. | |||
*[http://www.womensnet.org.za/health/whppam.htm Women's Health Project]: "At present, the project's aims are to develop and promote research assessing the implementation of integrated women's health services, to help policy makers reach a consensus on the integration of women's health services and primary health care, to expose nurses to gender sensitive approaches to women's health, to promote the existence of a vibrant women's health movement, and to facilitate agreement between NGOs and government agencies on a common list of development indicators to guide program development." Address: Third Floor, Spencer Lister Building, P.O. Box 1038, South African Institute for Medical Research, University of the Witwatersrand , Box 1038, Johannesburg, 2000, South Africa, tel: +27 11 489 9925/17/05, fax: +27 11 489 9922, E-mail: womenhp@sn.apc.org or womenhp@wn.acp.org | |||
*[http://www.iranti-org.co.za/ Iranti]: "Iranti-org is a queer human rights visual media organization based in Johannesburg, South Africa. Iranti-org works within a human rights framework as its foundational platform for raising issues on Gender, Identities and Sexuality." Director: Jabu Pereira, jabu@iranti-org.co.za | |||
*[http://www.womensnet.org.za Women's Institute For Leadership, Development And Democracy]: 187 Bree St., Longsbank Building, 12th Floor, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa, Tel: (27-11) 836 5656, Fax: (27-11) 836 5620 | |||
*[http://www.iwcjoburgsa.co.za/ International Women's Club - Johannesburg]: | |||
*Rural Women's Movement: POB 62535, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa, Tel: (27 11) - 833 1060, Fax: (27 11) - 834 8385 | |||
* Women'sNet - SANGONeT: "Women'sNet, a project designed to enable South African women to use the Internet to find the people, issues, resources, tools and skills they need. Created by women, for women." 13th Floor, Longsbank Building, 187 Bree Street, Johannesburg, 2000, or P O Box 31 Johannesburg 2000, South Africa, Tel: +27 011 838 6943/4, Fax: +27 011 492 1058, email: women@wn.apc.org | |||
*Joint Enrichment Project: 6th Floor, Khotoso House, 62 Marshall St, Johannesburg 2001, South Africa, Tel: (271-1) 834-6865/9, Fax: (271-1) 834-4955 | |||
*National Council Of African Women: 18 Philip Street, POB 9833, Gauteng, Johannesburg 2001, South Africa, Tel: (27-11) 935 1597, Fax: (27 11) 935 2157 | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
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|title=Gynopedia | |title=Gynopedia | ||
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|keywords=contraception, emergency contraception, std test, sti test, treatment, medications, pharmacies, abortion, clinic, tampons, women's health | |keywords=south africa, johannesburg, contraception, emergency contraception, birth control, morning after pill, plan b, hiv, menstrual cup, divacup, mooncup, std test, sti test, treatment, medications, pharmacies, abortion, clinic, tampons, women's health | ||
|description=Find sexual, reproductive and women's health care in | |description=Find sexual, reproductive and women's health care in Johannesburg. | ||
}} | }} | ||